| accorded
to: |
officially
approved and given |
| agnostic:
|
here:
officially supporting neither one side nor the other. Usually refers
to someone who believes people cannot know whether God exists or not. |
| alleged: |
asserted,
but not yet proven |
|
amendment: |
1)
a correction or alteration; 2) formal revision of, addition to, or
change of an official document, such as a resolution or constitution;
3) a specific text proposed to revise or alter a document; synonyms
include emendation, alteration, change, revision, modification, improvement,
correction, rectification |
| appeal:
|
here:
to formally ask a court to change a decision taken by a lower court |
| applicable: |
relevant,
appropriate |
| arable: |
suitable
for agricultural use |
| article: |
a
numbered part (section) of the text of a law or other legal document |
| assembly: |
meeting
or coming together to discuss, legislate, protest, or plan. |
| association: |
here:
being together with others without fear of persecution |
| asylum: |
the
state of being allowed to remain in a foreign country because it would
be dangerous to return to one's home country |
|
austerity programmes: |
financial
plans designed to limit spending; these are typically used to reduce
inflation, protect a country's credit rating, or gain acceptance into
a monetary union, such as the European Monetary Union |
| benign
neglect: |
ignoring
or refusing to address a problem, but without bad intentions |
| bicameral:
|
divided
into two official parts, chambers, or legislative bodies which usually
meet in separate locations, and have somewhat different functions.;
often the two chambers are elected or appointed through different
processes |
|
bilateral: |
discussions
or negotiations between two parties (e.g. countries) |
| brief
(v): |
to
give concise preparatory instructions, information or advice |
| briefing
(n): |
1) the giving of preparatory instructions, information or advice;
2) a meeting at which such instructions, information or advice is
presented; 3) a briefing document is one which contains such instructions,
information or advice |
| by
virtue of: |
as
a result of; because of |
| charter: |
document
stating the principles, purposes and duties of an organization |
| civil
liberties: |
the
rights of free speech, thought, and action |
| (to
be) in compliance with something: |
the
result of acting in accordance with (following, observing) a rule,
regulation or law; synonyms include conformity, in accordance with,
in agreement with |
| compulsory:
|
required
by law |
| conscription: |
system
of required military service |
| contingent
on: |
dependent
on |
| convention: |
written
legal agreement between countries |
| corollary: |
direct
result |
| cosmopolitanism: |
1)
sophistication, cultivation, urbanity; but also 2) made up of people
from many parts of the world |
| covenant: |
official,
signed agreement to do something or not to do something |
| data: |
in
this case, information about a person, his or her records, habits,
health, financial circumstances, affiliations, etc. |
| debrief
(v): |
to
ask questions to learn about the outcome or results of an activity;
to discuss these outcomes or results |
| debriefing
(n): |
the
process of reflecting upon the outcome of an activity; one or more
meetings, sessions, discussions or documents in which this process
of reflection takes place |
| decisively: |
with
firm resolve |
| de
facto: |
in
fact, even if not officially |
| deliberations: |
formal
discussion and debate of all sides of an issue |
| demographic: |
of
or pertaining to population, especially in statistical terms |
| deprived:
|
to
be deprived of something means to have it taken from you. "To
be deprived of your life" is a formal way of saying "to
be killed or executed" |
| derogation:
|
a
deviation from a standard or expectation. As used in this context,
refers to a country's assertion of a "right" not to observe
all the provisions of the Human Rights Convention. |
| detention: |
the
state of being held, or "detained," usually, thought not
always, in prison |
| digital
privacy: |
protecting
the confidentiality of personal data stored on computers and other
digital electronic media |
| disseminate: |
distribute
widely, as with mass e-mailings |
| draft: |
a
preliminary version of a document, treaty, etc.; not yet the final,
official version |
| draft-dodging:
|
acting
to avoid military service; has a negative connotation |
| "economic
refugees": |
not
strictly refugees, but people who flee the poverty in their home country
to seek a better life somewhere else |
| encryption: |
a
process for mixing up, or "scrambling," data to prevent
unauthorized access |
| endowed: |
naturally
possessing certain characteristics from birth |
| enforceable:
|
a
legal mechanism ensuring that the members of an organization etc.
carry out the principles, purposes and duties they have formally agreed
to |
| enforced: |
mechanism
and/or law introduced to make people and/or governments grant others
the rights in question |
| enforcement: |
procedures
ensuring that people and/or governments abide by the law concerning
the rights in question |
| enjoyment:
|
If
someone enjoys a right, it is a formal way of saying s/he has and
can exercise that right |
| entail:
|
make
necessary, require |
| enterprise: |
a
business organization; systematic activity directed toward profit-making |
| entities: |
things
that exist as particular and discrete units (e.g. persons, organisations) |
| entrusted: |
made
responsible (for doing something) |
| equitably: |
in
a way that guarantees fairness and equal advantages to everyone |
| escalating: |
continuously
increasing |
| exacted: |
claimed,
required and obtained |
| expatriates: |
nationals
of one country who live for an extended period of time in another
country |
| extradition: |
a
legal process by which someone accused of a crime is sent back to
the country where the crime happened in order that the accused person
can be judged in a court of law there |
| fig-leaf:
|
an
action or declaration intended to silence critics and avoid having
to make a serious commitment to improving conditions |
| firewall: |
originally
an architectural barrier to prevent the spread of a fire, such as
a fire door; here, the electronic equivalent: a computer or software
program designed to protect a network from unauthorized access by
blocking or filtering out certain kinds of data traffic |
| fly
the flag: |
provide
a small but highly visible presence, of showing pride in one's organization,
country etc. |
| fuelwood: |
wood and wood products, possibly including coppices, scrubs, branches, etc., bought or gathered, and burned primarily for heating or cooking. |
| ghetto,
ghettoization: |
a
ghetto is an area, usually within a city, in which members of a particular
cultural, ethnic, religious or national group live in high concentration,
whether by choice or by force; "ghettoization" refers to
the process of making an area into a ghetto |
| grant: |
formally
giving something to someone by means of a written document |
| grounds: |
basic
reason(s) |
| heritage: |
the
important qualities, customs, traditions, etc. that have been part
of a society for a very long time with which its members identify |
| impair:
|
damage
or weaken to such an extent that it no longer functions effectively |
| impairment: |
faculty,
e.g. hearing or eyesight, that does not function properly or 100%
effectively |
| impart: |
give,
pass on to someone |
| implement
(v.): |
put into action
or effect |
| implementation: |
putting
into effect |
| imposition:
|
officially
ordering that someone should suffer a penalty |
| in
accordance with: |
in
agreement with, complying with |
| inalienable: |
which
cannot be taken away from a person or transferred from that person
to another person |
| incorporated: |
brought
in to form part of |
| indispensable: |
essential,
absolutely necessary |
| inextricably: |
unavoidably |
| influx: |
incoming
flow, movement, in this case, of people |
| inflicted: |
forcing
someone to suffer something |
| infringement: |
illegally
restricting someone's rights; breaking the law covering someone's
rights etc. |
| interactive: |
permitting
two-way data transmission or communication |
| inter
alia: |
among
other things (a legal term, fr. Latin) |
| intercepted: |
stopped,
interrupted, cut off |
| intertwined: |
interwoven,
interconnected |
| intractable: |
difficult
to alleviate (make better) or remedy |
| jurisdiction:
|
legal
power over something or someone |
| keystone:
|
the
most important part, from the idea of the central stone in an arch
that keeps the other stones in position - without it, the whole arch
would fall down |
| legal
guardians: |
people
who are legally responsible for looking after a child, especially
if the child's parents have died |
| MBA:
|
Master
of Business Administration. A degree generally in great demand in
the private sector, as graduates with this degree can be expected
to know a good deal about running a business. |
| mainstays:
|
a
very important part of something, making it possible for the thing
to function effectively and/or continue to exist. |
| mandate: |
require
that something be done |
| mandatory: |
required,
obligatory; something that must be done because of a rule or law |
| marginalization: |
totally
removing the importance and power of someone |
| means
of subsistence: |
way
of earning enough money and/or getting enough food to survive on |
| merit:
|
If
something is given or awarded on the basis of merit, those whose work
is good will get more than those whose work is less good |
| monitoring: |
here:
patrolling, making sure nobody crosses a border illegally |
| multi-denominational: |
more
than one group of (Protestant) religious congregations or confessions,
each of which has a different name, administrative and legal hierarchy |
| multilateral: |
discussions
or negotiations involving more than two parties (e.g. countries) |
| municipal
(adj), municipality (n): |
referring
to a town or city |
| mutual
enmity: |
hostility,
dislike and distrust felt equally by both sides towards the other |
| necessitate: |
to
require or compel |
| non-compliance:
|
failure
to obey, e.g. an order; failure to act as prescribed by a law or regulation |
| notwithstanding:
|
in
spite of the fact that; even though |
| observance: |
doing
what is required by the law |
| opting
out: |
refusing
to agree to and legally implement |
| ouster: |
the
(illegal or wrongful) overthrow of a government; to force someone
out of office |
| penalties: |
punishment
(such as a fine) imposed if a law is not obeyed |
| persecution: |
the
condition of being mistreated physically and/or mentally over a period
of time, especially as a result of political or religious beliefs |
| petition:
|
make
an official, written application to a high legal authority, a parliament
etc., requesting that action be taken. It is often accompanied by
a list of the signatures of people supporting it. |
| policy:
|
decisions
concerning the way in which a government, a political party etc. is
doing or intends to do something |
| prerequisite: |
something
which must exist before something else can happen or be guaranteed |
| preserve: |
save
something from being harmed or destroyed |
| principle
of non-interference: |
general
rule that a country does not have the right to try to actively influence
or become involved in the affairs of other countries or organizations
(also called "principle of non-intervention") |
| proactive: |
anticipating
needs, problems, or changes |
| proclaimed: |
publicly
declared important to all those governments etc. who have signed it |
| pronounced:
|
officially
declared or proclaimed |
| provisions:
|
conditions or terms in a legal document |
| quell: |
bring
an end to something, usually a violent situation |
| ratify: |
to
approve formally, as by an official vote of the delegates |
| recipient: |
someone
who receives something |
| recognition:
|
approval
of something as having legal status |
| referenda
(singular form: referendum): |
government-organized
vote where everyone in a country is asked to vote on a single question
or course of action. The result is usually binding, i.e. the government
promises to act in accordance with the people's decision, although
this may depend e.g. on how many people vote. |
| remedy: |
way
of repairing harm or damage (also to one's reputation) suffered, or
of improving an unsatisfactory situation |
| remote: |
physically
distant |
| remuneration: |
payment
for a service or for work done |
| respectively: |
each
separately in the order mentioned: "Alexis and Juliet ordered
orange and chocolate mousse respectively" means Alexis ordered
orange mousse, and Juliet ordered chocolate mousse. |
| safeguarded: |
protected
from being harmed, removed or weakened |
| secular: |
not
church-related, not having to do with religion |
| skyrocketing: |
rising
extremely rapidly, like a rocket being launched |
| stakeholder: |
people
or organisations with an interest or share in something and who stand
to gain or lose depending on the decisions taken or policies implemented |
| State
bodies: |
group
of people controlling the government, legislation and/or administration
of a state |
| suffrage: |
the
right to vote in elections |
| supplement:
|
provide
additional elements to bring something up to an acceptable, sustainable,
or workable level |
| surveillance: |
close
observation of a person or group |
| sustainable: |
1)
an action or process that is capable of continuing indefinitely; 2)
using natural, renewable, and recyclable resources and products so
that limited resources are conserved, stable economic growth is achieved,
and damage to the environment is minimized |
| task
force: |
a
group of people brought together to work as a team for a limited period
of time in order to accomplish a specific objective or task |
| tenure:
|
1a)
the condition of occupying or holding something in one's possession
(e.g. an elective office or status as a student; 1b) the period of
time during which something is held; 2) the status of holding a position
on a permanent basis, without periodic contract renewals (e.g. a teacher
may have or "hold tenure" or "be tenured") |
| tertiary: |
refers
to educational institutions such as universities and polytechnical
institutes; require an academic school-leaving qualification (high
school diploma with college-preparatory classes - US, or secondary
school A-level examinations - UK); by extension, all forms of post-secondary
education |
| tier: |
level;
a two-tier system has two levels, a single-tier system has one. A
person applying for asylum under a two-tier system can appeal a negative
decision; no appeal is possible with a one-tier system |
| tracking: |
observing
and (electronically) documenting |
| trafficking: |
buying
and selling illegally; refers here to selling human beings, usually
women or children, into prostitution or some other form of slavery |
| tribunal:
|
a special court outside the civil and criminal judicial system that
examines special problems and makes judgements, e.g. an industrial
tribunal, which resolves disputes between employers and employees |
| under
UN auspices: |
with
the help and official support of the UN; under UN sponsorship |
| unsound
mind: |
people
who are medically classified as being mentally unable to make decisions
for which they can be held legally responsible |
| unwarranted: |
unjustified,
uncalled-for |
| upheaval: |
here:
a major disruption, even collapse of a system, here, an economic system |
| vagrants: |
people
who go about with no fixed place to live; a term with negative connotations |
| violations:
|
act
of breaking a rule or law |
|
vocational: |
job-related,
occupational |
| virtual
(technologies): |
refers
to technologies that generate more or less realistic (but not physical)
illusions of reality |
| wedlock:
|
the
state of being married. If a child is born "in wedlock,"
its parents were married at the time of its birth; if "out of
wedlock," they were not married at the time of its birth. |
| with
(more than) a grain of salt |
not immediately accepting
as fact; viewing with a degree of skepticism |
| worship: |
the
activity of praying in a church, temple, mosque, etc. in order to
show respect and love for a divine being |
| xenophobia,
xenophobic |
irrational
fear of foreigners |
